<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">emcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Неотложная кардиология и кардиоваскулярные риски</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Emergency Cardiology and Cardiovascular Risks journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2616-633X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Белорусский государственный медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51922/2616-633X.2026.10.1.2752</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">emcardio-342</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ НАУЧНЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка клинических исходов и прогноза у пациентов с циррозом печени и инфекцией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evaluating clinical outcomes and prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis and infection</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малаева</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malaeva</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lange str., 5, Gomel, 246050</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr-malaeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стома</surname><given-names>И. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stoma</surname><given-names>I. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lange str., 5, Gomel, 246050</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>УО «Гомельский государственный медицинский университет»</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Gomel State Medical University Republic of Belarus</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>2752</fpage><lpage>2760</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Малаева Е.Г., Стома И.О., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малаева Е.Г., Стома И.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Malaeva E.G., Stoma I.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://emcardio.bsmu.by/jour/article/view/342">https://emcardio.bsmu.by/jour/article/view/342</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Изучить клинические исходы и прогноз заболевания у пациентов с циррозом печени и инфекцией.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведено проспективное обсервационное исследование 338 госпитализированных пациентов с циррозом печени в возрасте 55,00 (45,00; 63,00) лет, мужчин – 189 (55,92%), женщин – 149 (44,08%), класса А – 78 (23,08%), В – 118 (34,91%), С – 142 (42,01%) человек. Статистический анализ данных выполнялся с помощью языка программирования R (версия 4.5.0). Уровень значимости α принят равным 0,05. Исследование зарегистрировано в Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05335213).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выживаемость пациентов с циррозом печени без инфекции значительно выше по сравнению с пациентами с наличием инфекции любой локализации (p adj &lt; 0,001).</p><p>В течение 45 месяцев наблюдения летальный исход заболевания наступил у 70,3% пациентов с циррозом печени с инфекцией мочевыводящих путей, что значительно выше по сравнению с лицами без инфекции – 33,8% (χ² (поправка Йетса) 40,77, p (поправка Йетса) &lt; 0,001, Cramer’s V 0,35).</p><p>Частота инфекций мочевыводящих путей и инфекций других локализаций значительно выше у умерших пациентов (56,25% и 39,38%) по сравнению с пациентами, которые продолжают лечение (21,71%) (р &lt; 0,001). У пациентов с неблагоприятным прогнозом выше распространенность декомпенсации цирроза печени, острого повреждения почек (р &lt; 0,001).</p><p>У пациентов с циррозом печени и инфекциями, в том числе мочевыводящих путей, мгновенный риск наступления смерти в любой момент времени более чем в 4 раза выше по сравнению с референсной группой без инфекций с поправкой на пол и возраст (HR = 4,31; 95% ДИ: 2,75–6,77; p &lt; 0,001), так как мужской пол ассоциирован с умеренным, но статистически значимым повышением риска неблагоприятного исхода (HR = 1,40; 95% ДИ: 1,01–1,95; p = 0,045). При циррозе печени с наличием инфекции мочевыводящих путей мгновенный риск смерти выше более чем в 4 раза (HR = 4,32; 95% ДИ: 2,88–6,50; p &lt; 0,001) по сравнению с референсной группой.</p><p>У пациентов с циррозом печени и инфекцией ожидаемое время до неблагоприятного исхода заболевания сокращается в 7,7 раз.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выживаемость пациентов с циррозом печени напрямую взаимосвязана с наличием декомпенсации заболевания, острого повреждения почек, инфекций, в том числе мочевыводящих путей, что диктует необходимость их тщательного скрининга и адекватного лечения.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To study the clinical outcomes and prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis and infection.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A prospective observational study was conducted on 338 hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis aged 55.00 (45.00, 63.00) years, including 189 (55.92%) men and 149 (44.08%) women. Of these, 78 (23.08%) were class A, 118 (34.91%) class B, and 142 (42.01%) class C. Statistical data analysis was performed using R programming language (version 4.5.0). The significance level α was set to 0.05. The study was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05335213).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The survival rate of patients with liver cirrhosis without infections is significantly higher than that of patients with any infection (p adj &lt; 0.001).</p><p>During 45 months of follow-up, death occurred in 70.3% of patients with liver cirrhosis and urinary tract infection, which is significantly higher than the rate in those without infection (33.8%) (χ2 with Yates correction = 40.77, p &lt; 0.001, Cramer’s V = 0.35).</p><p>The incidence of urinary tract infections and other infections was significantly higher in deceased patients (56.25% and 39.38%, respectively) compared to patients who continued treatment (21.71%) (p &lt; 0.001). Patients with an unfavorable prognosis had a higher prevalence of decompensated cirrhosis and acute kidney injury (p &lt; 0.001).</p><p>In patients with liver cirrhosis and infections, including urinary tract infections, the instantaneous risk of death at any time point was more than four times higher than in the infection-free reference group, after adjustment for sex and age (HR = 4.31; 95% CI: 2.75–6.77; p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, male sex was associated with a moderate but statistically significant increase in the risk of an adverse outcome (HR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.01–1.95; p = 0.045). In patients with cirrhosis and urinary tract infection specifically, the instantaneous risk of death was also more than four times higher (HR = 4.32; 95% CI: 2.88–6.50; p &lt; 0.001) compared to the reference group.</p><p>In patients with liver cirrhosis and infection, the expected time to an unfavorable outcome of the disease is reduced by 7.7 times.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The survival rate of patients with liver cirrhosis is directly related to the presence of decompensation of the disease, acute kidney injury, and infections, including urinary tract infections, all of which require careful screening and adequate treatment.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфекции мочевыводящих путей</kwd><kwd>цирроз печени</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urinary tract infections</kwd><kwd>liver cirrhosis</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках проекта «Изучить особенности микробиоты различных биотопов организма человека в норме и при патологических состояниях, оценить ее значение в развитии связанных с ними заболеваний» государственной программы научных исследований «Трансляционная медицина», подпрограмма 4.2 «Фундаментальные аспекты медицинской науки» (№ госрегистрации 20220463 от 07.04.2022).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted within the framework of the project «To study the features of the microbiota of various biotopes of the human body in normal and pathological conditions, to assess its importance in the development of related diseases» the state program of scientific research «Translational Medicine», subprogram 4.2 «Fundamental aspects of medical science»  (No. state registration 20220463 dated 04/07/2022).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Update in the Treatment of the Complications of Cirrhosis / J.G. Abraldes, P. Caraceni, M. Ghabril, G. Garcia-Tsao // Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. – 2023. – Vol. 21, № 8. – P. 2100–2109. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.03.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abraldes J.G., Caraceni P., Ghabril M., Garcia-Tsao G. Update in the Treatment of the Complications of Cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 2100–2109. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.03.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shukla, A. Hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: a novel gutsy central neuronal mechanism / A. Shukla, A. Kale // Hepatology international. – 2023. – Vol. 17, № 3. – P. 517–518. doi: 10.1007/s12072-023-10514-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shukla A., Kale A. Hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: a novel gutsy central neuronal mechanism. Hepatol Int, 2023, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 517–518. doi: 10.1007/s12072-023-10514-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pathophysiology of decompensated cirrhosis: Portal hypertension, circulatory dysfunction, inflammation, metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction / C. Engelmann, J. Clària, G. Szabo [et al.] // Journal of Hepatology. – 2021. – Vol. 75, № 1. Suppl 1. – P. S49–S66. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engelmann C., Clària J., Szabo G., Bosch J., Bernardi M. Pathophysiology of decompensated cirrhosis: Portal hypertension, circulatory dysfunction, inflammation, metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Hepatol, 2021, vol. 75, no. 1, Suppl 1, pp. S49–S66. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albumin Substitution in Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis: Don’t Forget Zinc / K. Grüngreiff, T. Gottstein, D. Reinhold, C.A. Blindauer // Nutrients. – 2021. – Vol. 13, № 11. – P. 4011. doi: 10.3390/nu13114011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grüngreiff K., Gottstein T., Reinhold D., Blindauer C.A. Albumin Substitution in Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis: Don’t Forget Zinc. Nutrients, 2021, vol. 13, no. 11, p. 4011. doi: 10.3390/nu13114011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferstl, P. Acute Decompensation and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure / Р. Ferstl, J. Trebicka // Clinics in liver disease. – 2021. – Vol. 25, № 2. – P. 419–430. doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2021.01.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferstl P., Trebicka J. Acute Decompensation and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. Clin Liver Dis, 2021, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 419–430. doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2021.01.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on acute-on-chronic liver failure // Journal of Hepatology. – 2023. – Vol. 79, № 2. – P. 461–491. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol, 2023, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 461–491. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The systemic inflammation hypothesis: Towards a new paradigm of acute decompensation and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis / V. Arroyo, P. Angeli, R. Moreau [et al.] // Journal of Hepatology. – 2021. – Vol. 74, № 3. – P. 670–685. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arroyo V., Angeli P., Moreau R. et al. The systemic inflammation hypothesis: Towards a new paradigm of acute decompensation and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis. J Hepatol, 2021, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 670–685. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction / A. Albillos, R. Martin-Mateos, S. Van der Merwe [et al.] // Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. – 2022. – Vol. 19, № 2. – P. 112–134. doi: 10.1038/s41575-021-00520-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albillos A., Martin-Mateos R., Van der Merwe S., Wiest R., Jalan R., Álvarez-Mon M. Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 112–134. doi: 10.1038/s41575-021-00520-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Infections in cirrhosis / S. Piano, C. Bunchorntavakul, S. Marciano, K. Rajender Reddy // The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology. – 2024. – Vol. 9, № 8. – P. 745-757. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(24)00078-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piano S., Bunchorntavakul C., Marciano S., Rajender Reddy K. Infections in cirrhosis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2024, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 745-757. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(24)00078-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urological Infections: Summary of the 2024 Guidelines / J. Kranz, R. Bartoletti, F. Bruyère [et al.] // European Urology. – 2024. – Vol. 86, № 1. – P. 27–41. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2024.03.035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kranz J., Bartoletti R., Bruyère F., et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urological Infections: Summary of the 2024 Guidelines. Eur Urol, 2024, vol. 86, no 1, рр. 27–41. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2024.03.035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lingiah, V.A. Bacterial Infections in Cirrhotic Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital / V.A. Lingiah, N.T. Pyrsopoulos // Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology. – 2021. – Vol. 9, № 1. – P. 32–39. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2020.00076.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lingiah V.A., Pyrsopoulos N.T. Bacterial Infections in Cirrhotic Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2021, vol. 9, no. 1, рр. 32–39. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2020.00076.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Management of bacterial and fungal infections in cirrhosis: The MDRO challenge / J. Fernández, S. Piano, M. Bartoletti, E.Q. Wey // Journal of Hepatology. – 2021. – Vol. 75. Suppl. 1. – P. S101–S117. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernández J., Piano S., Bartoletti M., Wey E.Q. Management of bacterial and fungal infections in cirrhosis: The MDRO challenge. J Hepatol, 2021, vol. 75, Suppl. 1, рр. S101–S117. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малаева, Е.Г. Инфекции мочевыводящих путей и микробиота / Е.Г. Малаева // Проблемы здоровья и экологии. – 2021. – Т. 18, № 3. – С. 5-14. doi:10.51523/2708-6011.2021-18-3-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Малаева Е.Г. Инфекции мочевыводящих путей и микробиота. Проблемы здоровья и экологии, 2021, № 18(3), с. 5-14. doi:10.51523/2708-6011.2021-18-3-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malaeva, E.G. Urinary tract infections and microbiota / E.G. Malaeva // Health and ecology issues. – 2021. – Vol. 18, № 3. – P. 5–14. doi:10.51523/2708-6011.2021-18-3-1. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malaeva E.G. Urinary tract infections and microbiota. Рroblemy zdorovya i ekologii, 2021, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 5–14. doi:10.51523/2708-6011.2021-18-3-1. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nosocomial infections in female compared with male patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis / M. Griemsmann, T.L. Tergast, N. Simon [et al.] // Scientific Reports. – 2022. – Vol. 12, № 1. – P. 3285. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07084-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Griemsmann M., Tergast T.L., Simon N. et al. Nosocomial infections in female compared with male patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Sci Rep, 2022, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 3285. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07084-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albumin administration in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a meta-analytic update / A.A. Ashour, M.A. Atta, K.W. Sadek [et al.] // European Journal of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology – 2021. – Vol. 33, № 4. – P. 479-486. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001932.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashour A.A., Atta M.A., Sadek K.W. et al. Albumin administration in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a meta-analytic update. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 479-486. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001932.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trebicka, J. Role of albumin in the treatment of decompensated liver cirrhosis / J. Trebicka // Current opinion in gastroenterology – 2022. – Vol. 38, № 3. – P. 200–205. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trebicka J. Role of albumin in the treatment of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 2022, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 200–205. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bacterial infections adversely influence the risk of decompensation and survival in compensated cirrhosis / C. Villanueva, A. Albillos, J. Genescà [et al.] // Journal of Hepatology. – 2021. – Vol. 75, № 3. – P. 589–599. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Villanueva C., Albillos A., Genescà J. et al. Bacterial infections adversely influence the risk of decompensation and survival in compensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol., 2021, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 589–599. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Infections increase the risk of decompensation and death in patients with early alcohol-related liver disease / S. Johansen, S. Langkjær, D.N. Rasmussen [et al.] // JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology. – 2024. – Vol. 6, № 4. – P. 101016. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2024.101016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johansen S., Langkjær S., Rasmussen D.N. et al. Infections increase the risk of decompensation and death in patients with early alcohol-related liver disease. JHEP Rep, 2024, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 101016. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2024.101016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
