[1] Kaushik A.P., Das A., Cui Q. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: An update in year 2012. World J Orthop. 2012, vol. 3, № 5, pp. 49-57. doi: 10.5312/ wjo.v3.i5.49.
[2] Calori G.M., Mazza E., Colombo A., Mazzola S., Colombo M. Core decompression and biotechnologies in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. EFORTOpen Rev. 2017, vol. 2, № 2, pp. 41-50.
[3] Hungerford D.S., Jones L.C. Asym ptomatic osteonecrosis: should it be treated? Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2004, № 429, pp. 124-130.
[4] Mont M.A., Hungerford D.S. Non-traumatic avascular necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1995, vol. 77, № 3, pp. 459-474.
[5] Arbab D., Konig D.P. Atraumatic Femoral Head Necrosis in Adults. Dtsch Arztebllnt, 2016, vol. 113, №3, pp. 31-38. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0031.
[6] Fukushima W., Fujioka M., Kubo T., Tamakoshi A., Nagai M., Hirota Y. Nationwide Epidem iologic Survey of Idiopathic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2010, vol. 468, № 10, pp. 27152724.
[7] Kang J.S., Park S., Song J.H., Jung Y.Y., Cho M.R., Rhyu K.H. Prevalence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. A nationwide epidemiologic analysis in Korea. J Arthroplasty, 2009, vol. 24, №. 8, pp. 1178-1183.
[8] Malizos K.N., Karantanas A.H., Varitimidis S.E., Dailiana Z.H., Bargiotas K., Maris T. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: etiology, imaging and treatment. Eur J Radiol, 2007, vol. 63, № 1, pp. 16-28.
[9] Aldridge J.M. 3rd, Urbaniak J.R. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: etiology, pathophysiology, classification, and current guidelines. Am J Orthop (Belle MeadNJ), 2004, vol. 33, № 7, pp. 327-332.
[10] Mankin H.J. Non-traumatic necrosis of bone (osteonecrosis). N Engl J Med, 1992, vol. 326, № 22, pp. 1473-1479.
[11] Kim S.-Y., Rubash H.E. Avascular necrosis o f the femoral head: the Korean experience. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006, vol. 2 pp. 1078-1086.
[12] Seamon J., Keller T., Saleh J., Cui Q. The pathogenesis of nontraumatic osteonecrosis. Arthritis, 2012, 601763. doi: 10.1155/2012/601763.
[13] Jones J.P. Fat embolism, intravascular coagulation, and osteonecrosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, № 292, pp. 294-308.
[14] Jones, J.P.Jr. Coagulopathies and osteonecrosis. Acta Orthop Belg, 1999, vol. 65. Suppl 1, pp. 5-8.
[15] Hungerford D.S., Lennox D.W. The importance of increased intraosseus pressure in the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: implications for treatment. Orthop Clin North Am, 1985, vol. 16, № 4, pp. 635-654.
[16] Wang Y., Li Y., Mao K., Li J., Cui Q., Wang G.J. Alcohol-induced adipoge- nesis in bone and marrow: a possible mechanism for osteonecrosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2003, № 410, pp. 213-224.
[17] Wang G.J., Sweet D.E., Reger S.I., Thompson R.C. Fat-cell changes as a mechanism of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in cortisone-treated rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1977, vol. 59, № 6, pp. 729-735.
[18] Miyanishi K., Yamamoto T., Irisa T., Yamashita A., Jingushi S., Noguchi Y., Iwamoto Y. Bone marrow fat cell enlargement and a rise in intraosseus pressure in steroid-treated rabbits with osteonecrosis. Bone, 2002, vol. 30, № 1, pp. 185-190.
[19] Ficat P., Arlet J. Pathogenies des osteonecrosis. Paris: Masson, 1977, pp. 91-96.
[20] Laroche M. Intraosseus circulation from physiology to disease. Joint Bone Spine, 2002, vol. 69, № 3, pp. 262-269.
[21] Huang P.L. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech, 2009, vol. 2, № 5-6, pp. 231-237. doi: 10.1242/dmm.001180.
[22] Deedwania P.C. Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep. 2003, vol. 3, № 4, pp. 289-292.
[23] Polovina M.M., Potpara T.S. Endothelial dysfunction in metabolic and vascular disorders. Postgrad Med, 2014, vol. 126, № 2, pp. 38-53.
[24] Rochette L., Meloux A., Rigal E., Zeller M., Cottin Y., Vergely C. The role of osteoprotegerin in the crosstalk between vessels and bone: its potentially utility as a marker of cardiometabolic diseases. Pharmacol Ther, 2018, № 182, pp. 115-132. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.015.
[25] Walsh M.C., Coy Y. Biology of the RANK-RANKL-OPG system in immunity, bone and beyond. Front Immunol, 2014, № 5, pp. 511. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2014.00511.
[26] Vassale C., Mazzone A. Bone loss and vascular calcification: a bidi-rectional interplay. Vascul Pharmacol, 2016, № 86, pp. 77-86. doi: 10.1016/ j.vph.2016.07.003.
[27] Browner W.S., Lui L.Y., Cummings S.R. Associations of serum osteoprotegerin levels with diabetes, stroke, bone density, fractures, and mortality in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001, vol. 86, № 2, pp. 631-637.
[28] Hofbauer L.C., Schoppet M. Osteoprotegerin gene polymorphism and the risk of osteoporosis and vascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002, vol. 87, № 9, pp. 4078-4079.
[29] Kiechl S., Werner P., Knoflach M., Furtner M., W illeit J., Schett G. The osteoprotegerin/RANK/RANKL system: a bone key to vascular disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2006, vol. 4, № 6, pp. 801-811.
[30] Sandberg W.J., Yndestad A., 0ie E., Smith C., Ueland T., Ovchinnikova 0., Robertson A.K., Muller F., Semb A.G., Scholz H., Andreassen A.K., Gullestad L , Damas J.K., Froland S.S., Hansson G.K., Halvorsen B., Aukrust P. Enhanced T-cell expression of RANK ligand in acute coronary syndrome: possible role in plaque destabilization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2006, vol. 26, № 4, pp. 857-863.
[31] Crisafulli A., Micari A., Altavilla D., Saporito F., Sardella A., Passaniti M., Raffa S., D’anneo G., Luca F., Mioni C., Arrigo F., Squadrito F. Serum levels of osteoprotegerin and RANKL in patients with St elevation acute myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond), 2005, vol. 109, № 4, pp. 389-395.
[32] Guldiken B., Guldiken S., Turgut B., Turgut N., Demir M., Celik Y., Arikan E., Tugrul A. Serum osteoprotegerin levels in patients with acute atherothrom- botic stroke and lacunar infarct. Thromb Res, 2007, vol. 120, № 4, pp. 511-516.
[33] Hosbond S.E., Poulsen T.S., Diederichsen A.C., Nybo M., Rasmussen L.M., Mickley H. Osteoprotegerin as a marker of atherosclerosis: a systematic update. Scand Cardiovasc J 2012, vol. 46, № 4, pp. 2013-211.
[34] Floerkemeier T., Hirsch S., Budde S., Radtke K., Thorey F., Windhagen H., von Lewinski G. Bone turnover markers failed to predict the occurrence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a preliminary study. J Clin Lab Anal,2012, vol.26, № 2, pp. 55-60. doi: 10.1002/jcla.21482.