Острая сердечная недостаточность: эпидемиология, факторы риска, прогноз, диагностика, лечение и профилактика

Н.П. Митьковская

Учреждение образования «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет», Минск, Республика Беларусь

Острая сердечная недостаточность (ОСН) – клинический синдром, осложняющий течение многочисленных сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, возникающий внезапно или характеризующийся быстрым или неуклонно прогрессирующим нарастанием симптомов сердечной недостаточности (СН), требующих немедленной госпитализации и оказания специализированной помощи. Несмотря на большой вклад здравоохранения и финансовые затраты, связанные с ОСН и хронической сердечной недостаточностью (ХСН) остается большое количество вопросов в области диагностики, медикаментозного ведения, прогноза и профилактики этого синдрома. Выявляется высокая частота коморбидной патологии, в значительной степени, определяющей возникновение, развитие и прогноз ОСН. Выявление злокачественных новообразований у пациентов с установленной ранее СН стало весьма частым, и специалисты свидетельствуют о необходимости настороженности в отношении диагностики рака у пациентов с СН.
Некоторые клинические и лабораторные кардиоваскулярные, внекардиальные, пациент-обусловленные или ятрогенные показатели являются независимыми предикторами исхода при ОСН. Для оценки степени риска неблагоприятных исходов при госпитализации необходима разработка и внедрение в практическое здравоохранение шкал риска, основанных на общедоступных показателях, что позволит определить с высокой степенью точности вероятность внутрибольничной летальности пациента.
Каждая госпитализация в связи с ОСН связана с ухудшением функции сердца, которая не восстанавливается до исходного состояния и после выписки, что сопровождается неуклонным прогрессированием СН. Средняя выживаемость пациентов с СН снижается соответственно числу госпитализаций, поэтому для предотвращения эпизодов ОСН необходимо полное купирование застойных явлений в стационаре, обучение в школах ХСН, терпеливое титрование пероральных препаратов до максимально переносимых эффективных доз, тщательный мониторинг пациента после выписки для раннего выявления и коррекции декомпенсации. Целесообразно развитие современной и эффективной модели наблюдения за течением заболевания, способной улучшить эффективность медицинской помощи, качество жизни и прогноз пациентов ‒телемедицинского мониторинга.
После госпитализации пациента с ОСН необходима оценка клинического статуса для идентификации жизнеугрожающих синдромов, требующих конкретной организационной тактики: острого коронарного синдрома; гемодинамической «катастрофы», дыхательной недостаточности, жизнеугрожающей тахи- или брадиаритмии. Перед практическим здравоохранением стоит комплекс задач, нуждающихся в непрерывном совершенствовании и помощи ученых: улучшение качества жизни у пациента с СН, снижение смертности, сокращение количества и продолжительности регоспитализаций; совершенствование организационных и создание новых диагностических и лечебных технологий, своевременный отбор пациентов, которым может помочь при госпитализации немедикамен¬тозное лечение (инвазивная вентиляция, временное вспомогательное крово¬обращение), а в дальнейшем ‒ ресинхронизирующая терапия или трансплантация сердца, оптимизация медикаментозной терапии ХСН и заболеваний, которые спровоцировали ОСН, после стабилизации состояния и перед выпиской.

ключевые слова: острая сердечная недостаточность, острая декомпенсированная сердечная недостаточность, летальность, регоспитализации

для цитирования: Митьковская Н.П. Острая сердечная недостаточность: эпидемиология, факторы риска, прогноз, диагностика, лечение и профилактика. Неотложная кардиология и кардиоваскулярные риски, 2018, Т. 2, № 1, С. 140-161

Acute heart failure: epidemiology, risk factors, prognosis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention

N.P. Mitkovskaya

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a clinical syndrome, which complicates the course of numerous cardiovascular diseases; it appears suddenly or is characterized by rapid or steadily progressing exacerbation of HF symptoms, which require immediate hospitalization and specialized care. In spite of great contribution of health care and financial expenses connected with AHF and chronic heart failure (CHF), a lot of issues still remain unresolved in the field of diagnosis, drug therapy, prognosis and prevention of this syndrome. A high incidence of comorbid pathology is revealed, which to a great extent determines the occurrence, development and prognosis of AHF. Detection of malignant neoplasms in patients with the previously diagnosed HF has become very frequent, and specialists express concern regarding diagnosis of cancer in patients with HF.
Some clinical and laboratory cardiovascular, noncardial, patient-conditioned or iatrogenic indices are independent predictors of the outcome in AH. To assess the risk of unfavorable outcomes in case of hospitalization, it is necessary to develop and implement into practical health care risk scores based on generally accessible indices, which will make it possible to define with a high degree of accuracy the risk of hospital lethality of the patient.
Each hospitalization in case of AHF is connected with deterioration of the heart function, which is never restored to the initial condition after the discharge from the hospital and is accompanied by progressing HF. The average survival of patients with HF decreases in proportion to the number of hospitalizations, therefore, for prevention of AHF episodes it is necessary to fully arrest the congestive conditions in the hospital, to educate patients with CHF, to patiently titrate oral medications to the maximally tolerated effective doses, to thoroughly monitor patients after the discharge from the hospital in order to reveal and correct decompensation as early as possible. It is useful to develop a modern and effective model of monitoring the course of the disease, capable of improving the efficiency of medical care, the quality of life and prognosis of patients – telemedical monitoring.
After the hospitalization of the patient with AHF it is necessary to assess the clinical status for the identification of life-threatening syndromes which require specific organizational tactics: acute coronary syndrome; hemodynamic “catastrophe”, respiratory failure, life-threatening tachi- or bradyarrythmia. Practical health care faces a set of tasks, which call for continuous improvement and assistance of scientists: improvement of the quality of life for patients with HF, decrease in mortality, reduction of the number and duration of rehospitalizations; refinement and creation of new diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, prompt selection of patients, who can be helped by nondrug therapy (invasive ventilation, temporary assist circulation) and in the future – resynchronization therapy or heart transplantation, optimization of drug therapy of CHF and of diseases, which triggered AHF, after the stabilization of the condition and before the discharge from the hospital.

keywords: acute heart failure, acute decompensated heart failure, mortality, rehospitalization

for references: Mitkovskaya N.P. Ostraya serdechnaya nedostatochnost’: epidemiologiya, faktory riska, prognoz, diagnostika, lechenie i profilaktika [Acute heart failure: epidemiology, risk factors, prognosis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention]. Neotlozhnaya kardiologiya i kardiovas- kulyarnye riski [Emergency cardiology and cardiovascular risks], 2018, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 140-161

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